Chemistry

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1. Describe the types of radiations known and give their symbols.

There are three () known types of radiation. The first form is the alpha particle (''). This form of radiation contains two protons and two neurons. It has a mass number of 4 and atomic number of . It has a + charge therefore is identical to the Helium nucleus He. The next one is beta particle (''). This particle is a high-energy radiation and has a charge of 1- and a mass number of zero. This makes them equivalent to electrons e. The last form is the gamma particle ('×). This also is a high-energy radiation that is very similar to X-rays. This form of radiation is pure energy and has no mass or charge.

. How dangerous is radiation?

The dangers of radiation are very high. When radiation strikes molecules, electrons may be knocked off the molecules and becomes unstable. Cells in the human body can be affected by radiation in many awful ways. Cheap Custom Essays on Chemistry

The cells in our bodies that are most sensitive are the cells that are undergoing cell divisions. This can be anything from your skin to your intestines. Cells that have been damaged act in two ways. The first is, they stop dividing. When they stop dividing or growing all their functions may stop. Example Anemia, this is low red blood count which can be the result of radiation stopping them from growing. Example Children can be affected also while still in the mother's womb and cause the baby to have drastic deformities. The second is, they become Tumourous or Cancerous. Cancer takes place when the cells are continuously dividing.

Thus, we know that radiation can cause a shortened life span tumors, cancer, anemia, leukemia, and mutations.

. How can one protect one's self from the various types of radiations.

You can protect yourself in carious ways depending on the type of radiation there is. With the alpha particles, they can only travel a few centimeters in the air before they collide with the air molecules and obtain electrons. So with this form of radiation only paper or your simple clothing can protect you. BUT if they are ingested or inhaled in any way they can be very dangerous. The beta particles have very small masses and move faster and farther than alpha particles. They can pass through paper and clothing. This form tends to burn your skin and it only goes about 5 mm in to your tissue. You can protect yourself with wood or heavy clothing. The last is gamma, which is the most hazardous amongst the three because it can pass through most materials but lead or concrete.

4. Explain the functions of carbohydrates.

A carbohydrate is also called a saccharide, a word that comes from the Latin term saccharum, ¡§sugar¡¨. Digestion breaks the bonds of the polysaccharides in bread, pasta, potatoes, rice, and many other foods in our diets to give monosaccarides, primarily glucose, which is the carbohydrate that provides cellular energy.

6. What is photosynthesis? Write an equation to explain it.

Photosynthesis is when carbohydrates are produced in the green leaves of plants including algae in lakes and oceans. Energy from the sunlight is used to combine carbon dioxide and water into simple carbohydrates such as glucose.

Carbon Cycle

6CO + 6HO + energy C6H1O6 + 6O

10.

a. Explain the four levels of structure in proteins

The Primary Level of structure is the first level of structure in the sequence of amino acids that are linked together. Each protein has a particular sequence of amino acids that allow it to function.

The Secondary Level of structure is when the hydrogen bonds between portions of the peptide chains cause them to fold into a characteristic shape. There are types of ¢X levels of structure the helix, the pleaded sheet, and the triple helix.

The Tertiary level of structure is when proteins such as hemoglobin, enzymes and antibodies are globular in shape. This globular shape is called the tertiary level of structure. This level of structure is defined as the -dimensional shape of a protein molecule. It contains the secondary levels of structure. The secondary levels fold back on each other and create a compact structure, which we call a globule.

The Quaternary Level of structure refers to the situation where a protein molecule is made up of two or more submit. An example is the hemoglobin molecule, which transports oxygen.

b. Describe the functions of proteins in the body

The functions of proteins in the body are for repair and building, for nails, hair and cartilage. They act as hormones, as enzymes and as antibodies for defense against infections. They also transport oxygen and storage.

c. What is a porphyrin ring?

Porphyrins are tetrapyrroles and consist of four pyrrole rings (which are weakly aromatic) joined by methane bridges.

d. What does the word ¡§heme ¡§ mean?

It is a member of a family of compounds called porphyrins

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