Means of measuring temperature other than thermocouples

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"Other Means Of Measuring Temperature Than Thermocouples"

1. Thermometers

One of the most popular methods of measuring temperatures is using a thermometer. The bulb thermometer is the most common glass thermometer. It contains some type of liquid, which is generally mercury. The principle, that bulb thermometers work, is that a liquid changes its volume relative to its temperature. Therefore, liquids occupy less space when they are heated.

Galileo invented the first thermometer. It was an air thermometer consisting of a glass bulb with a long tube attached. When, the dupe was dipped into a cooled liquid the bulb was warmed, expanding the air inside. As the air continued to expand, some of it escaped. When the heat was removed, the remaining air contracted causing the liquid to rise in the tube indicating a change in temperature. However, the Galileo type thermometer is very sensitive, it is not too practical because it can be affected by small changes it atmospheric pressure.Custom writing service can write essays on Means of measuring temperature other than thermocouples

After Galileo, Fahrenheit invented a new type of thermometer, the alcohol and the mercury thermometers, which was not affected by atmospheric pressure changes. Mercury thermometer consists of capillary tube, which after being filled with mercury is heated to expand the mercury and expel the air from the tube. The tube is then sealed, leaving the mercury free to expand and contract with temperature changes. One disadvantage of this type of thermometer is that it is not so sensitive, compared to the air thermometer. Furthermore, mercury freezes at°C, so it cannot measure temperature below this point. In order to measure temperatures below°C, alcohol can be used because it freezes at11°C.

Bimetallic is another type of thermometers that is largely used by industries. This type of thermometers, record temperature by means of a pointer on a calibrated dial. They operate on the principle of unequal expansion. Since different metals expand at different rates, one metal can be bonded to another and observe that when heated, the bonded metal will curve in one direction and when cooled it will curve in the opposite direction. A suitable mechanical linkage to a pointer that moves across a calibrated scale transmits this bending motion. Bimetallic are not that accurate as glass thermometers, but they are rougher and easy to read that makes them practical for industrial applications.

. Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)

A widely used device for measuring temperature is the Resistance Temperature Detector or RTD. Sir William Siemens established the use of platinum as the element of a resistant RTD. All types of RTDs, made from any kind of metals such as Platinum, copper and Nickel, operate under the principle that the electrical resistance of certain metals increase or decrease in a repeatable manner when as temperature changes. The reason for selecting the previous metals over others is that they are available in near pure form. This is important to insure consistency in the manufacturing process. Moreover, these metals offer a very predictable temperature versus resistance relationship. Finally, all three of these metals offer the ability to be processed into extremely fine wire.

A typical RTD is constructed by winding a very fine wire of one of the metals mentioned above, around an inert substrate such as glass or ceramic material. Most elements are then encapsulated in glass or ceramics to protect them from damage due to vibration, moisture, dust and migration of foreign metals. The wires from the RTD extend through the encapsulation material where they can then be joined to lead wires by brazing, welding or soldering. Afterwards, the RTD can be housed to tubes.

Furthermore, RTDs are passive devices that operate as one leg of a bridge network and require a small amount of current. Then, they produce a measurable resistance change that is proportional to the change of temperature. However, in order an RTD to work, the power supply that produces the current has to be constant and that the legs of the bridge are stable while temperature varies.

Finally, despite the fact that RTDs are greatly used, they are mainly not for light applications as they are not suitable for rough applications, such as areas of high vibration.

. Integrated Circuit (IC) Temperature Sensors.

Integrated Circuit Sensors are one of the latest advances in temperature measuring. The main advantage of IC sensors, that makes them popular, is that an IC sensor is a linear device that produces an output, which is proportional to absolute pressure. Most of the IC sensors express an output measured in microamps per Kelvin degrees (maps/°K). The most popular Integrated Circuit sensors, that are used today, are the AD50 and the LM14/4/4 manufactured from "Analog Devices" and "National Semiconductors", respectively.

All of the IC temperature sensors consist of silicon and germanium transistors and use a property of them to sense its temperature proportional characteristic. When two identical transistors operate at a constant ratio of collector circuit densities (r), then the difference in their base-emitter voltages is (kT/q) linear. K is the Boltzmann's constant and q is the charge of an electron. Since, q and k are constant, and then the voltage is directly proportional to absolute temperature. The output voltage is converted to a current by a low-temperature coefficient film resistor.

One main disadvantage of Integrated Circuit Sensors is that they operate under a very limited temperature range that usually has a maximum temperature of 150°C. Furthermore, another drawback of IC sensors is that they are not very rugged so they cannot be used for hard applications.

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