Nepal

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1.0 Introduction

Nepal is a rugged, mountainous country located in southern Asia, with most of its territory lying on the southern slopes of the Himalayan Mountains. Nepal is completely land-locked with India surrounding the eastern, western and southern borders. To the northeast lies Sikkim. Along most of the northern border lies Tibet (officially, the Tibetan Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China).

Nepal is long but thin measuring about 805km in length and 41km from North to South. It has an area of about 147,18 square kilometres. Despite being such a small country, Nepal has the widest variation in altitude with the highest peak being Mt. Everest (8,848 m) and the lowest being 46 metres above sea level. Nepal has a latitude of 84° East and longitude of 8° North.

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1.1 Aims

Nepal is one of the world's poorest countries with a fragile environment that is under serious threat. The aims of this report are to clearly state the problems Nepal is facing and suggesting some recommendations as to how Nepal can overcome these.

1. Study Methods

Several study methods have been used to compile this report. These include- the use of books, encyclopedias and the Internet for sources of information. Also a video- "Nepal and Bhutan- The United Nations Development Program" outlined the several problems going on in Nepal today.

.0 Body

The Himalayas or the Abode of Snow- are the most stupendous mountain ranges on the face of the earth. These make up the dominant landform features of Nepal. Mt. Everest, Nepal's highest peak and also the world's highest mountain belongs to these group of mountains.

Nepal is divided into three main landform zones

· The Terai region is a long belt of alluvial plains adjoining India in the south. These range in altitude from 40m to 00m. This belt is between 5 kilometres and kilometres wide. This area takes up 17% of Nepal's area.

· The Hilly region stretches across the middle of Nepal. This makes up 64% of Nepalese land and ranges in altitude of 155 to 660 metres. This region contains important valleys and rivers which support most of Nepal's growing population.

· The Himalayan region is Nepal's highest zone. It ranges between 660 and 8848 metres in altitude. The Himalayan region is in the north of Nepal, which adjoins the Tibet region of China. In the Himalayan region there are over 40 snow peaks which are more than 6000 metres in altitude.

The Himalayas were formed when pressures on the earth's crust, caused by continental drift become so intense that the surface buckled or cracked. This occurred because two tectonic plates collided. The Himalayas are known as fold mountains because they were formed by the compression of rocks forcing the surface to bend and fold like a crumpled rug. They are formed from the folded former sediments of the Tethys Sea which was trapped in the collision zone between the Indian and Eurasian plates.

The topography of Nepal has greatly influenced the population distribution of the Nepalese. Due to the high altitude and the extreme weather in the Himalayas very few people live there. It is in the sheltered valleys that lie in the foothills of the Himalayas where two-thirds of the population live. The Kathmandu Valley is an extremely fertile region ideal for growing crops. The valleys have a cool climate, with heavy rain in summer. A low-lying region called Terai, located in southern Nepal, is a hot, wet region with thick forests and steamy swamps. Farmers grow crops such as rice (the most grown product of Nepal) and sugar cane. About a third of Nepal's people live in the Terai.

The high altitude of the Himalayan parts of the country give sub zero temperatures throughout the year, with the result snow, ice and high winds. In the lower regions however, the temperatures are sub tropical and the rainfall quite high though it tends to be drier in the west. At Kathmandu, the day temperatures for most of the year are 5°- 0° C but dropping at night to 10-0°. The lowest record is only just below freezing.

The Nepalese use fairly old methods of agriculture as the country has no money to import machinery. The farmers use hands, picks and shovels and man power is used instead of machinery. The problem with Nepal is most of its fields contain disease and as Nepal is one of the world's ten poorest countries, life expectancy in only forty-seven years.

Farmers not only grow crops but they also graze animals. Some farmers keep buffaloes, cattle, sheep and goats. The Hindus regard cattle as sacred animals and do not kill them. Cows wander through the streets of Kathmandu and often eat the vegetables on display.

Crops grown in Nepal include- rice, corn, wheat, sugarcane, herbs and spices, jute and root crops. Water Buffalo milk and meat is also used to feed the Nepalese.

Nepal exports to other countries herbs, spices, jute, rice, timber, electricity and wheat All of these provide a small income for the poor economy and to the small number of farmers that take the trouble to grow these in this polluted world

Nepal doesn't place great emphasis on industry as 81% of the labour force is involved in agriculture. Transportation and communication difficulties have hindered the growth of industry and trade. The main areas of manufacturing in Nepal are Terai, Birganj and Biratngar, however Kathmandu also has several small factories.

Products produced include carpets, textiles, clothing, leather goods, shoes, cigarettes, cement and bricks. Handmade wood and metal handicrafts are also important. Significant quantities of Mica and small deposits of ochre, copper, iron, lignite, and cobalt are found in the hills of Nepal.

Nepal uses labour intensive methods of producing goods because of the lack of money to buy machines. It uses little-modern technology and factories produce goods for use in Nepal rather than for export. Most of Nepal's factories work on processing agricultural produce. Only 10 % of Nepal's industries produce modern consumer goods. Labour intensive activities include sewing clothing by hand and hand sewing shoes. These are extremely common in Nepal.

Nepal mainly imports manufactured goods but also imports aircraft fuels and diesel.

Tourism is a big thing in Nepal, scraping in millions of dollars each year. It is extremely important in continuing the success in Nepal. However success has come at a price. Since the 150's, pollution has increased! However it has brought better medical attention to the Nepalese and better living standards. Without tourism promoting Nepal, foreign trade and exports are doomed. Presently most trade is done with its neighbour India.

Nepal's high mountains are both blessing and a curse. On one hand, thousands of tourists are lured by the mountains each year. On one hand, thousands of tourists are a blessing for its economy as it is its biggest foreign income earner. On the other hand, the mountains have made Nepal's development hinder. Nepal GNP per capita is only $70 US per year.

In recent years the government has tried to encourage economic growth and development. Along with moves to modernise the economy, there have been efforts to reform Nepal's government. Until 10, a King with almost absolute power ruled Nepal. However after street demonstrations Nepal became a democracy.

This has curbed new ways for a better economic environment.

.0 Analysis

Nepal has one of the world's most endangered environments. Although its terrain is greatly rugged, its ecological balance is extremely delicate. Many of the problems occurring in the Himalayan countryside are as a result of people ignoring the vital balance of nature.

This balance is in danger of being upset because deforestation for farming is leading to severe soil erosion problems in some areas. One problem leads to another problem. It is a chain reaction. Many Himalayan areas have seen a rapid increase in population and the total population has more than doubled in the last 0-40 years. This is largely due to Nepal being in the second stage of development according to the 'demographic transition model.' This involves death rates being low, but birth rates being high. This creates a population explosion. Since all these people need food and shelter, more land is needed to grow crops and hence more deforestation occurs. This upsets the balance of nature and soil erosion occurs.

Another threat to the Himalayan environment and the balance of nature is the overgrazing of land. At higher altitudes, where rainfall is rare, the land is not suitable for growing crops and instead Himalayan herder's tend flocks of sheep and goats. When too many animals graze in the same place too long, the plants and grasses start to die.

Tourism in Nepal and the Himalaya are major sources of revenue for the Nepalese government. Mountaineering and trekking are becoming extremely popular, however these have devastating effects on the region. Tourists use up to five times more firewood than the locals and the need for fuel further adds to the deforestation problem. Additionally, tracks of land are cleared to make roads so as to make the trekking easier.

One source of fresh food is the fish from the dams, streams and rivers but these numbers are dropping as these waterways become polluted with silt deposited when monsoon rains fall in areas affected by soil erosion. Droughts and floods also occur when forests, which absorb water, are cleared for use in agriculture. Sediment chokes dams, silts up riverbeds and destroys fisheries because fish cannot survive in muddy waters. This will affect the Nepalese that live along the river and eat the fish found in the already polluted water.

4.0 Evaluation

The major factors that are upsetting the balance of nature are

Population Increases Overgrazing of Land

Soil Erosion Polluted Waters

Tourism Deforestation

Population Increases creates the demand for food and since the major source of food is agriculture, land clearing occurs. This deforestation leads to soil erosion, which is also caused by overgrazing of the land. Subsequent rainfall, which includes the monsoon, then washes away the topsoil, which contains the nutrients for farming etc. This leaves poor soil unable to absorb water.

The main impact of deforestation and overgrazing is soil erosion. A contributory factor is the clearing that occurs to create better climbing tracks for the tourists. Tourism contributes further to these problems as tourists use up to five times as much firewood as the locals and so more deforestation occurs to satisfy their needs.

The increasing population creates the need for more farming because the Nepalese economy is such that the country cannot afford to import foodstuffs. This leads to more deforestation.

Deforestation causes Soil Erosion. This not only destroys the areas where the soil is washed away, but also areas right down to the watercourse. This then causes the dams, and rivers to be covered with silt and as a result leads to the fish dying and causing a shortage of food.

Overgrazing of the land is a major problem is Nepal. Due to land shortages farmers graze their animals in small areas. The grasses begin to die and are then replaced by weeds and poisonous plants.

Population Increases are a severe factor in Nepal's struggling environment. Since the 170's, just after Nepal was opened to the world, the population has boomed and is now growing at over % a year. This is largely due to a smaller Infant Mortality Rate. Increased medical standards and more pregnancy's being successful are also contributing to major increases.

Tourism is also what is causing the majority of the problems Nepal is facing in today's world. Tourists are contributing to deforestation and pollution in Nepal. This is because new tracks have to be built and extra firewood is needed to keep them warm. It is important to remember though, that Nepal earns a large of money from tourism and the country could not really afford to kill tourism all together.

Polluted waters are as a result of several things. The rubbish left lying around causes this along with the deforestation as further in the report. Also air pollution contributes to the water quality.

Air Pollution is also a huge problem in Nepal. Cleaning up air pollution would make huge differences. In Nepal cars being serviced is almost unheard of, and changing the oil is extremely uncommon. Cleaning up Nepal's air pollution could be reduced by solar power. This would reduce emissions from wood fires that cast the haze right through the Kathmandu valley.

5.0 Recommendations

The following recommendations could be made to enhance the living standards of the Nepalese but also protecting the environment.

1) More family planning and control over the population

) Nepalese government could introduce a policy similar to China, but perhaps limiting it to two or three children

) Perhaps decreasing the number of low budget tourists coming into the country, as they are more of a threat to the environment than a benefit to the economy.

4) Reducing the number of tourists allowed up mountains at the same time

5) Placing large deposits on items taken in and then receiving deposit back for taking rubbish out

6) The Nepalese government, together with support from world organisations, could give payments to their citizens for not clearing land

7) Teach better farming practices whilst still protecting the land

8) Moving families and communities away from troubled areas near the mountains

) Citizens could be encouraged to move to low lying areas which do not effect agriculture

10) Fines and clean-up brigades could reduce rubbish on Mount Everest.

11) Enforcing severe methods to clean up cars and how they run

1) Solar power

1) More emphasis on education in school

Nepal has an extremely delicate environment that could soon be destroyed without further action taking place. It is extremely important to observe the problems in Nepal and try to help - not hinder them. The mighty Himalayas are under fierce threat from global warming and pollution. Nepal's water is extremely dirty and the air is ridden with exhaust and smoke fumes.

With obvious political problems aside, Nepal is making progress in many areas. Aggressive programs are in place to improve education, protection of the environment, increase farm and factory production without hindering the environment and to control the disease.

With Nepal currently around stage two of the demographic transition model, the population is rising even more each year. The birth rates are high, yet death rates are low. This can only mean something. A population explosion. The question is- when will it move to stage three?

Its neighbour India controls Nepal's relations for trade and exports. As Nepal is totally land-locked this has hindered development dramatically and is currently stopping Nepal from progressing.

Nepal faces many challenges, as it looks further into the twenty-first century. After more than two thousand years of warlords and absolute monarchs, its experiment with democracy will probably remain an experiment for years to come. This all is hurting Nepal and its fragile economy. The question is- will Nepal continue developing or will it slip backwards?

7.0 Bibliography

Title Author Publisher Year

Nepal- Enchantment of the World Heinrichs, Ann Children's Press 16

The Kathmandu Valley Morgan, Kerry Local Colour Ltd 18

Himalaya Saili, Ganesh Tiger Books International 16

World Book Encyclopedia of People and Places Martin, Robert World Book Inc. 000

World of Contrasts Codrington, Steven & Dianne Jacaranda Press 14

Lets Got to Nepal Keith Lye Franklin Watts 188

Lonely Planet Guide- Nepal Finlay, Hugh Lonely Planet 1

Geographic Encyclopedia of the World Widdows, Richard Chancellor Press 17

www.nepalhomepage.com

www.geography.com/nepal

www.start.org

www.panasia.org.sg/nepalnet/forestry/deforest.htm

www.un.org

www.bartleby.com/65/ne/Nepal.html

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